For almost all entities other than financial institutions, revenue is the largest single number in the financial statements. It is also a number that attracts a great deal of user attention. Given the importance of revenue to the picture painted by the financial statements is it important that it is measured and presented fairly so that the users are given useful information on which to base their performance appraisal. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has issued two International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) that provide guidance in this area:

·IAS 18 – Revenue; IAS 11 – Construction Contracts.

对大多数非金融机构的企业，收入是财务报表单个数字中最大的一项，也是倍受信息使用者关注的数字。鉴于收入的重要性，公允地计量和披露十分重要，这样才能使信息使用者能够根据有用的信息对企业财务状况做出合理地评估。国际会计准则理事会(IASB)发行了两条提供这方面指导的国际财务报告准则（IFRS）：

l  国际会计准则（IAS）18-收入; 国际会计准则（IAS）11-建造合同。

MEANING OF ‘REVENUE’ 收入的定义

IAS 18 defines revenue as ‘the gross inflow of economic benefits during the period arising in the course of the ordinary activities of an entity when those inflows result in increases in equity, other than increases relating to contributions from equity participants’.

IAS18收入定义“企业在日常活动中形成的、会导致所有者权益增加的、与所有者投入资本无关的经济利益的总流入”。

The following implications flow from this definition:

该定义包含以下四个方面：

a) Revenue should be stated before deduction of costs of sale.收入应该列示在主营业务成本之前；

b) Revenue is recognised on the provision of goods and services that relate to the ordinary activities of the entity. If an entity disposes of property, plant and equipment at the end of its useful economic life the proceeds of disposal are not revenue for the entity. Instead the profit or loss on disposal is treated as a deduction from operating expenses (or as a separate line item in the statement of profit or loss, if it is sufficiently material).收入是由与企业日常活动中相关的销售商品或提供劳务形成的。如果企业在资产使用期限结束时处置固定资产，处置固定资产所获得的收益并不能作为企业的收入，除非处置所得的净损益被用来递减营业费用（或者它十分重要并在利润表中作为单独的生产线项目来列示）；

c) Sales taxes that are collected from the customer and remitted to the relevant authorities are not ‘revenue’.从顾客那里收取的或由相关机关免除的税费并不能作为收入；

d) If the seller is acting as agent, rather than as the principal, in a transaction, the revenue the seller should recognise is the amount of commission receivable rather than the gross amount collected from the customer.如果在一项交易中销售者是作为代销商而不是委托方，销售者应按照应收的佣金的金额确认收入，而不是以向顾客销售商品所收的全部金额来确认收入。

PRINCIPLES UNDERPINNING RECOGNITION OF REVENUE 收入确认基本原则

1Sale of goods: 销售商品

Revenue is recognised when all the following conditions have been satisfied:销售商品的收入只有同时符合以下条件时，才能加以确认：

a) The seller has transferred the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods to the buyer. 企业已将商品所有权上的主要风险和报酬转移给购货方；

b) The seller does not retain control over the goods or managerial involvement with them to the degree usually associated with ownership. 企业既没有保留通常与所有权相联系的继续管理权，也没有对已售出的商品实施控制；

c) The amount of revenue can be measured reliably. 经济利益的流入能够可靠地计量；

d) It is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the seller与交易相关的经济利益很可能流入企业；

e) The costs incurred or to be incurred by the seller in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably. 与收入相关的成本能够可靠地计量。

2Provision of services: 提供劳务

As stated above, there is a different approach taken to the recognition of revenue from the provision of services. IAS 18 states that ‘where the outcome of a transaction involving the rendering of services can be estimated reliably, associated revenue should be recognised by reference to the stage of completion of the transaction at the end of the reporting period’. In other words, the revenue is recognised gradually, rather than all at one ‘critical point’, as is the case for revenue from the sale of goods.

企业提供劳务交易的结果如果能够可靠地计量，应当采用完工百分比法确认提供劳务收入。提供劳务的收入是逐渐地被确认，而不是像销售商品的收入那样全部在某一个“临界点”确认。

IAS 18 further states that the outcome of a transaction can be estimated reliably when all the following conditions are satisfied :提供劳务交易的结果能够可靠地估计，是指同时满足下列条件：

(a) The amount of revenue can be measured reliably. 收入的金额能够可靠地计量；

(b) It is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the seller. 与交易相关的经济利益很可能流入企业；

(c) The stage of completion of the transaction at the end of the reporting period can be measured reliably. 交易的完工进度能够可靠地确定；

(d) The costs incurred to date for the transaction and the costs to complete the transaction can be measured reliably. 交易中已发生和将发生的成本能够可靠地计量。

IAS 18 does not prescribe one single method that should be used for determining the stage of completion of a service transaction. However the standard does provide some examples of suitable methods:企业确定提供劳务交易的完工进度，可以选用下列方法：

(a) Surveys of work performed. 已完工作的测量；

(b) Services performed to date as a percentage of total services to be performed. 已经提供的劳务占应提供劳务总量的比例；

(c) The proportion that costs incurred to date bear to the estimated total costs of the transaction.已发生的成本占估计总成本的比例。

If it is not possible to reliably measure the outcome of a transaction involving the provision of services (perhaps because the transaction is in its very early stages) then revenue should be recognised only to the extent of costs incurred by the seller, assuming these costs are recoverable from the buyer.

企业在资产负债表日提供劳务交易结果不能够可靠估计的（或许因为劳务交易处于最初的阶段），假设已经发生的劳务成本预计能够得到补偿的，按照已经发生的劳务成本金额确认提供劳务收入。

3Construction contracts 建造合同

IAS 18 does not adequately address the issue of revenue recognition on a construction contract. However, IAS 11 applies the basic principles we have already identified to such contracts, which are defined in IAS 11 as follows : ‘Contracts specifically negotiated for the construction of an asset or a combination of assets that are closely interrelated or interdependent in terms of their design, technology and function or their ultimate purpose or use’.

建造合同，是指为建造一项或数项在设计、技术、功能、最终用途等方面密切相关的资产而订立的合同。

Most construction contracts are ‘fixed price contracts’. In such contracts the seller agrees to a fixed contract price, or a fixed rate per unit of output, which in some cases could be subject to cost escalation clauses.

大部分建造合同是固定造价合同，是指按照固定的合同价或固定单价确定工程价款的建造合同。一些建造合同为成本加成合同，是指以合同约定或其他方式议定的成本为基础，加上该成本的一定比例或定额费用确定工程价款的建造合同。

Whilst a construction contract relates to the supply of goods, the ‘critical event basis’ used in IAS 18 as a means of determining the timing of the recognition of revenue on the supply of goods is not really suitable. This is because the ‘supply’ by the seller in the case of a construction contract takes place gradually over the term of the contract.

如果建造合同与销售商品有关，销售商品的收入确认原则不再适用，因为建造合同中的“销售”是在合同期限内逐渐发生的。

Therefore IAS 11 basically requires that, where the outcome of a construction contract can be recognised reliably, revenue on such contracts should be recognised according to the stage of completion of the contract . IAS 11 imposes conditions very similar to the ones included in IAS 18 for the provision of services that need to be satisfied before the outcome of a construction contract can be recognised reliably:

因此IAS11规定，如果建造合同的结果能够可靠地估计，应根据完工百分比法确认合同收入和合同费用。建造合同的结果能够可靠地估计，是指同时满足下列条件（与IAS18中提供劳务的条件类似）：

(a) Total contract revenue can be measured reliably. 合同的所有收入金额能够可靠地计量；

(b) It is probable that the economic benefits associated with the contract will flow to the seller. 与建造合同相关的经济利益很可能流入企业；

(c) Both the seller’s costs to complete the contract and the stage of contract completion at the end of the reporting period can be measured reliably. 合同中已发生的成本和发生当期的完工进度能够可靠地确定；

(d) The seller’s costs to date attributable to the contract can be clearly identified and measured reliably so that actual costs incurred can be compared with prior estimates. 销售者发生的所有与合同相关的费用能合理确认并可靠计量，以致于实际发生的费用可以与之前估计的费用相比较。

As is the case with service revenue recognition in IAS 18, IAS 11 does not prescribe one single method of computing the stage of completion of a construction contract. IAS 11 provides the following examples of methods that might be suitable: 企业确定建造合同的完工进度，可以选用下列方法：

(a) The proportion that contract costs incurred for work performed to date bear to total estimated contract costs. 已经发生的成本占估计总成本的比例；

(b) Surveys of work performed. 已完工作的测量；

(c) Completion of a physical proportion of the contract work. 已完成的工作量占合同工作总量的比例。

IAS 11 states that :‘Where the outcome of a construction contract cannot be estimated reliably revenue shall be recognised only to the extent of contract costs incurred that it is probable will be recoverable’.

如果建造合同的结果不能可靠地估计，且合同成本能收回的，根据能够收回的实际合同成本予以确认，合同成本在发生当期确认为合同费用。

4Interest, royalties and dividends 利息收入，特权使用费和股利收入

IAS 18 states that entities should recognise revenue from the use of their assets yielding interest, royalties and dividends when:

让渡资产使用权收入是指企业通过让渡资产使用权实现的收入，如商业银行对外贷款、租赁公司出租资产等实现的收入。让渡资产使用权收入同时满足下列条件时，应当予以确认：

(a) It is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the entity. 相关的经济利益很可能流入企业；

(b) The amount of the revenue can be measured reliably. 收入的金额能够可靠地计量；

The exact basis for the recognition of revenue from the use by others of the ‘seller’s’ assets depends on the type of transaction:具体的让渡资产使用权收入确认的原则应该视交易类型而定：

(a) Interest revenue should be recognised on the ‘effective interest’basis.利息收入金额，按照他人使用本企业货币资金的时间和实际利率计算确定。

(b) Royalties should be recognised on an accruals basis in accordance with amounts receivable as a result of ‘asset use’ up to the reporting date.特权使用费应该按照权责发生制原则，根据该会计期间由让渡资产使而产生的应收金额来确认。

(c) Dividend revenue should be recognised when the right to receive payment is established. Often this does not happen in the case of dividends until the shareholder actually receives the dividend.股利收入应在收取股利的权利建立时确认，通常是在股东实际收到股利时确。

PRINCIPLES UNDERPINNING MEASUREMENT OF REVENUE 收入的计量

IAS 18 states that ‘Revenue shall be measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable’ (12). In determining fair value it would be necessary to take into account any trade discounts or volume rebates granted by the seller.

企业销售商品满足收入确认条件时，应当按照已收或应收合同或协议价款的公允价值确定销售商品收入金额。确定公允价值时需要考虑到商业折扣和销售退回保证。

In most cases, ‘fair value’ will represent the cash or cash equivalents received or receivable by the seller. However, where the consideration is deferred, IAS 18 explains that the arrangement effectively constitutes a financing transaction and the substance of the transaction is a supply of goods or services plus the provision of finance.

大多情况下，所确认的公允价值为销售者收到的或应收的现金或现金等价物。如果报酬被延期支付，IAS18认为这项交易实际上具有融资性质，该交易实质上等于销售商品或提供劳务加上提供资金。

In such circumstances, the amount receivable is split into :这种情况下，应收金额应该分成两部分：

(a) An amount receivable for the supply of goods or services. This is arrived at by discounting the future cash receivable by the seller. The imputed rate of interest is the prevailing borrowing rate of the buyer or, if more easily determinable, the rate that discounts the future cash receivable to the current cash price of the goods or services. This is recognised immediately.销售商品或提供劳务应收的金额，该金额应在交易发生时立即取确认为未来应收金额的现值。应当以具有类似信用等级的企业发行类似工具的现时利率作为折现率，该折现率同时也就是分配融资收益的实际利率；或者折现率应当是将合同或协议价款折算为现值恰等于商品现销价格的折现率。

(b) An amount receivable for the supply of finance to the buyer, recognised over the implied term.提供资金应收的金额，应在所在期间内逐步确认。

IAS 18 IMPLEMENTATION EXAMPLES 特殊销售问题

Sale and repurchase agreements 售后回购协议

Where goods are ‘sold’ under conditions that either require the seller to repurchase them in the future or contain options to repurchase that are likely to be exercised then the substance of the transaction of often that the ‘sale’ is actually a provision of finance.

售后回购是指销售商品的同时，销售方统一日后将商品购回或有购回的选择权的销售方式。通常情况下，售后回购交易的实质为融资交易。

Servicing fees included in the price of a product 产品销售价中包含的服务费用

When the selling price of a product includes an identifiable amount for subsequent servicing that amount is deferred and recognised as revenue over the period during which the service is performed. The amount deferred is that which will cover the expected costs of the services, together with a reasonable profit on those services.

当产品的销售价中包含可确认的售后服务费用的金额时，该金额应延期确认并在服务发生的期间被确认为收入，确认的金额应包含提供服务的估计成本和提供服务能获得的合理的利润。

CHANGES THAT ARE LIKELY TO THE METHOD ACCOUNTING FOR REVENUE IN THE FUTURE收入确认可能的变革

The background背景

As already stated, revenue is a crucial number to users of financial statements in assessing an entity’s financial performance and position. However, revenue recognition requirements in US generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) differ from those in International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs).

如上文所说，收入对评定一个企业的业绩表现至关重要。然而，美国所使用的美国通用会计准则中收入的确认方法却与国际财务报告准则不同。

Both sets of requirements need improvement. US GAAP comprises broad revenue recognition concepts and numerous requirements for particular industries or transactions that can result in different accounting for economically similar transactions. Although IFRSs have fewer requirements on revenue recognition, the two main revenue recognition standards, IAS 18, Revenue and IAS 11, Construction Contracts, can be difficult to understand and apply. In addition, IAS 18 provides limited guidance on important topics such as revenue recognition for multiple-element arrangements.

两套准则都需要改进。美国通用会计准则中包含大量收入确认的概念以及特殊行业或交易的规范，这使得经济实质相同的交易可能会使用不同的会计方法来确认。而国际财务报告准则在收入确认方面有很少的规范，两个主要的确认准则：国际会计准则（IAS）18-收入和国际会计准则（IAS）11-建造合同在现实中可能会比较难以理解和运用。除此之外，国际会计准则（IAS）18-收入只对一些诸如收入确认等重要话题给予了有限的指导。

The detail 详情

The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the US national standard-setter, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), initiated a joint project to clarify the principles for recognising revenue and to develop a common revenue standard for IFRSs and US GAAP that would :

国际会计准则理事会和美国的准则制定者——财务会计准则委员会联合发起了一项阐明收入确认原则的项目，旨在发展出一套通用的会计准则，该套准则可以：

(a) Remove inconsistencies and weaknesses in existing revenue requirements摒弃现有准则中的不一致和不合理的部分。

(b) Provide a more robust framework for addressing revenue issues为提出收入方面的议题提供更健全的准则框架。

(c) Improve comparability of revenue recognition practices across entities, industries, jurisdictions and capital markets.提高收入确认实践在不同企业、行业、行政区域以及资本市场的可比性。

(d) Provide more useful information to users of financial statements through improved disclosure requirements, and为信息使用者提供更有用的信息。

(e) Simplify the preparation of financial statements by reducing the number of requirements to which an entity must refer 通过减少企业必须依据的条例的数量来简化财务报告的准备过程。

The proposed requirements would affect any entity that enters into contracts with customers unless those contracts are in the scope of other standards (for example, insurance contracts or lease contracts).

所提议的准则将会影响任何与顾客签订合同的企业，除非这些合同属于其他准则的确认范围，如保险合同或租赁合同。

To achieve that core principle, an entity would apply all of the following steps: 企业须采用以下步骤：

a) Identify the contract with a customer.与顾客确认合同；

b) Identify the separate performance obligations in the contract.确认合同中独立的义务项目；

c) Determine the transaction price.确定合同价格；

d) Allocate the transaction price to the separate performance obligations in the contract.将合同价格在各个独立的义务项目中分配；

e) Recognise revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.在企业完成各个项目时分别确认收入。

From an IFRS perspective, the new standard arising out of the project is likely to be more robust than the existing standards. This should assist in future convergence between IFRS and US GAAP.

从国际财务报告准则的角度来看，新准则可能要比现有准则更加健全，这将会对未来国际财务报告准则和美国通用会计准则的趋同起到很大帮助。

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