ACCA F7&P2融资租赁 Lease就是这么简单！

主页君对融资租赁的认识是，其本质还是融资，相当于企业折价发行了债券，但债券的形式是以实物存续还不以票据存续。

既然是折价发行债券，那在计量方面就要确定票面价值（实物的公允价值）、内含报酬率、票面利率（每一期应付融资费用）等。根据订立的合同，可以明确债券的类型。例如可赎回债券，其价值是票面利率的现值和到期日票面价值的现值。会计是以资产负债的增减而记账，但是，更为关键的还是内含报酬率的确定，这与债务融资成本相关。

以某某租赁公司为例，它有充足的资金，可以全款支付给波音或者空客以购买飞机。亦或者是某航空公司购买了飞机然后以售后回租的方式进行融资。究竟为什么选择融资租赁而不是贷款购买，需要综合考虑税法规定、利率、融资手续、折旧方式、现金流等方面，在此不一一赘述。

Lease的细节部分还是看如下内容：

RECOGNISATION

Leases are classified currently under IAS 17, Leases, as finance or operating leases at inception, depending on whether substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership transfer to the lessee. Under a finance lease, the lessee has substantially all of the risks and reward of ownership. Situations that would normally lead to a lease being classified as a finance lease include the following:

the lease transfers ownership of the asset to the lessee by the end of the lease term

在租赁期届满时，租赁资产的所有权转移给承租人。

the lease term is for the major part of the economic life of the asset, even if title is not transferred at the inception of the lease, the present value of the minimum lease payments amounts to at least substantially all of the fair value of the leased asset

即使资产的所有权不转移，但租赁期占租赁资产使用寿命的大部分。承租人在租赁开始日的最低租赁付款额现值，几乎相当于租赁开始日租赁资产公允价值；出租人在租赁开始日的最低租赁收款额现值，几乎相当于租赁开始日租赁资产公允价值。

the leased assets are of a specialised nature such that only the lessee can use them without major modifications being made

租赁资产性质特殊，如果不作较大改造，只有承租人才能使用

if the lessee is entitled to cancel the lease, the lessor's losses associated with the cancellation are borne by the lessee

gains or losses from fluctuations in the fair value of the residual fall to the lessee

the lessee has the ability to continue to lease for a secondary period at a rent that is substantially lower than market rent.

承租人有购买租赁资产的选择权，所订立的购买价款预计将远低于行使选择权时租赁资产的公允价值，因而在租赁开始日就可以合理确定承租人将会行使这种选择权。

All other leases are operating leases.

掌握lease的确认，基本就可以应付P2的考试了。毕竟从中级到高级，财务会计的理念也从计量回归到确认。当然，P2对lease的考核，确认lease只是第一步，还会涉及到复杂的处理，以及相应的计量过程。来看看BPP教材中对考试的提醒：

You have met the distinction between operating and finance leases before; however it formed a substantial part of a written question in June 2013, which was very challenging and allowed plenty of in-depth arguments on both sides.

所有有必要多掌握一些关于lease的知识：

MORE DEFINITION

Minimum lease payments: The payments over the lease term that the lessee is or can be required to make, excluding contingent rent, costs for services and taxes to be paid by and be reimbursable to the lessor.

未确认融资费用应当在租赁期内各个期间进行分摊。承租人应当采用实际利率法计算确认当期的融资费用。

Economic life is either: The period over which an asset is expected to be economically usable by one or more users, or The number of production or similar units expected to be obtained from the asset by one or more users.

Guaranteed residual value is: For a lessee, that part of the residual value which is guaranteed by the lessee or by a party related to the lessee; For a lessor, that part of the residual value which is guaranteed by the lessee or by a third party unrelated to the lessor who is financially capable of discharging the obligations under the guarantee.

担保余值，就承租人而言，是指由承租人或与其有关的第三方担保的资产余值；就出租人而言，是指就承租人而言的担保余值加上独立于承租人和出租人的第三方担保的资产余值。

F7的考试中，更集中于lease的计量。

MEASUREMENT （Finance Lease）

Lessee

Accounting during lease period

Dr. Accu' depre.

Cr. PPE

Dr. Lease obligation (non-current liability)

Cr. Lease obligation (current liability)

Dr. Interest on finance leases

Cr. Bank or Cash

借：累计折旧

贷：固定资产——融资租入固定资产

借：长期应付款——应付融资租赁款

贷：银行存款

借：财务费用

贷：未确认融资费用

Lessor

Dr. Cash

Cr. Receivable (capital element)

Cr. Interest income (interest element)

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